Introduction
In his thought-provoking book "Immigrants," Philippe Legrain challenges common misconceptions about immigration and presents a compelling case for more open borders. Drawing on historical evidence, economic data, and ethical arguments, Legrain argues that migration is not only a fundamental human right but also a powerful force for good in both sending and receiving countries.
The book tackles controversial topics head-on, addressing fears about immigrants "stealing jobs" or draining welfare systems. Legrain systematically debunks these myths while highlighting the numerous economic and cultural benefits that immigrants bring. He makes a persuasive argument that embracing immigration is not just the right thing to do morally, but also the smart thing to do economically.
"Immigrants" provides a fresh perspective on one of the most hotly debated issues of our time. By examining migration through multiple lenses - historical, economic, cultural, and ethical - Legrain offers a nuanced and ultimately optimistic view of how greater freedom of movement can create a more prosperous and enriching world for all.
The Long History of Human Migration
Legrain begins by reminding readers that migration is not a new phenomenon, but rather an integral part of the human story. People have been on the move since the dawn of our species, spreading out from Africa to populate the entire globe. This long history of migration has shaped the genetic and cultural diversity we see in the world today.
The 19th century saw a dramatic acceleration of global migration, enabled by new technologies like steamships and railroads. During this period, the predominant flow was from the "Old World" of Europe to the "New World" of the Americas. Millions of Europeans crossed the Atlantic in search of opportunity, fundamentally reshaping the demographics and economies of countries like the United States, Canada, and Argentina.
In the 20th century, the dynamics shifted. Now the main flow of migration was from developing countries to the developed world. This change in patterns contributed to perceptions of a "mass exodus" to Western nations. However, Legrain points out that this is largely a misconception. While the absolute numbers of migrants have increased, they still represent a small fraction of the global population. The perception of overwhelming immigration is largely due to migrants concentrating in a relatively small number of destination countries.
Understanding this historical context is crucial for putting current debates about immigration into perspective. Migration has always been a part of human society, and attempts to completely halt it go against the grain of our shared history.
Migration as a Human Right
One of Legrain's core arguments is that migration should be recognized as a fundamental human right. He points out that while we often focus on immigration (people coming into a country), we must remember that every immigrant is also an emigrant (someone who has left their home country). The right to leave one's country is enshrined in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Legrain argues that if we accept the right to emigrate, we must also logically accept a corresponding right to immigrate. After all, you can't meaningfully exercise your right to leave if there's nowhere you're allowed to go. He contends that denying people the ability to move freely across borders is a violation of their basic human rights.
This framing of migration as a human right challenges us to think beyond narrow national interests. It asks us to consider our obligations to all of humanity, not just our fellow citizens. Legrain argues that wealthy nations have a moral duty to be more open to immigrants, especially those fleeing poverty, persecution, or conflict.
The Moral Case Against Border Controls
Building on the idea of migration as a human right, Legrain makes a strong moral case against strict border controls. He argues that attempts to severely restrict immigration are not only ineffective but also deeply unethical.
One of the most powerful points Legrain makes is about the human cost of border enforcement. He compares the death toll at the U.S.-Mexico border over the past decade to that of the Berlin Wall during its entire existence. The number of people who have died trying to cross into the U.S. is at least ten times higher than those who perished attempting to escape East Germany. This stark comparison highlights the often-overlooked human tragedy of strict immigration policies.
Legrain also addresses the exploitation that results from restrictive immigration policies. When people are forced to immigrate illegally, they end up in vulnerable positions without legal protections. This leads to situations where undocumented workers are paid less than minimum wage, work in dangerous conditions, and are unable to assert their rights for fear of deportation. By creating a class of "illegal" residents, strict immigration controls inadvertently fuel exploitation and human rights abuses.
Furthermore, Legrain argues that many anti-immigration attitudes are rooted in racism, even if not explicitly so. While it's not racist to be concerned about specific negative impacts of immigration, assuming that foreigners in general are more likely to be criminals or a drain on society often stems from racist ideologies. He challenges readers to examine their own biases and the underlying assumptions behind anti-immigrant sentiments.
The Futility and Cost of Border Control
Legrain makes a compelling case that attempts to completely control borders are not only morally questionable but also practically impossible and prohibitively expensive. He provides numerous examples of how, despite massive investments in border security, determined migrants still find ways to cross.
For instance, he points to the U.S.-Mexico border, where despite a quintupling of spending on border security and a tripling of border patrol personnel between 1993 and 2004, the estimated number of illegal immigrants remained largely unchanged. This demonstrates the ineffectiveness of even well-funded border control efforts.
Legrain also highlights the case of Ceuta and Melilla, Spanish enclaves in Morocco. Despite being small territories with heavily fortified borders, thousands of migrants still manage to enter each year. This shows that even when dealing with a relatively small border, complete control is virtually impossible without resorting to extreme and inhumane measures.
The author argues that the only way to truly stop all illegal immigration would be to implement a system of border control so brutal and militarized that it would be completely at odds with democratic values and human rights. He references a satirical piece from The Economist suggesting that if the U.S. really wanted to stop all immigration from Mexico, it would need to adopt the tactics of East Germany, complete with minefields and machine gun posts.
This section of the book effectively demonstrates that the goal of completely sealing borders is not only morally dubious but also practically unachievable. The resources required for even partially effective border control are enormous, and complete control would require unconscionable measures. Legrain argues that these resources could be much better spent on policies that harness the benefits of immigration rather than futilely trying to prevent it.
Benefits to Countries of Origin
Legrain challenges the common narrative that emigration is always harmful to the countries people leave behind. While he acknowledges that "brain drain" can be a real issue, especially for countries facing political instability or authoritarian rule, he argues that the overall impact of emigration on sending countries is often positive.
One key point Legrain makes is that many skilled workers are unable to reach their full potential in their home countries due to lack of opportunities or resources. By emigrating, they can develop their skills further and earn higher wages. This often leads to remittances - money sent back to family and friends in the home country - which can significantly boost the local economy.
The author provides several compelling examples of how emigration can benefit sending countries:
The Philippines actively encourages emigration, recognizing the economic benefits it brings. The country even has a "Migrant Workers Day" where outstanding emigrant workers are honored. Remittances from Filipino workers abroad account for at least one-eighth of the country's economy.
India and Cuba produce more trained doctors and nurses than they can employ domestically. Emigration allows these professionals to use their skills productively while still benefiting their home countries through remittances and knowledge transfer.
Sweden's development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was partly facilitated by emigration. Between 1870 and 1910, about one-sixth of Sweden's population emigrated, primarily to the United States. This relieved pressure on the job market and housing, leading to increased wages and productivity for those who remained.
Legrain also points out that emigrants often return to their home countries, bringing with them new skills, experiences, and international connections. This can lead to increased trade opportunities and knowledge transfer that benefits the entire country.
Furthermore, the prospect of emigration can incentivize people in developing countries to invest in education and skills that are valued globally. Even if many of these people end up staying in their home countries, the overall level of human capital increases.
By presenting these nuanced arguments, Legrain challenges readers to rethink simplistic notions of "brain drain" and consider the complex ways in which emigration can actually support development in sending countries.
Economic Benefits to Destination Countries
One of the most persistent myths about immigration is that it harms the economies of receiving countries by taking jobs from natives and draining welfare systems. Legrain systematically dismantles these misconceptions, presenting evidence that immigration is, in fact, a net positive for destination countries' economies.
Legrain argues that immigration leads to economic growth that benefits everyone, not just the immigrants themselves. He points out that the superior infrastructure and institutions in developed countries allow immigrants to be more productive than they would be in their home countries. This increased productivity contributes to overall economic growth.
The author addresses the common fear that immigrants "steal" jobs from natives. He explains that this view is based on the fallacy that there's a fixed number of jobs in an economy. In reality, immigrants don't just take jobs - they also create them. They do this both directly (by starting businesses) and indirectly (by increasing demand for goods and services in the economy).
Legrain also tackles the myth that immigrants are a drain on welfare systems. He points out that in many countries, recent immigrants are not eligible for most welfare benefits. Despite this, they still contribute to the system through taxes and their economic activity. In fact, immigration can help sustain welfare systems in countries with aging populations and low birth rates. Young immigrants contribute to pension systems that support elderly natives.
The book provides several examples of how immigration has boosted economies:
In Israel, a large influx of immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s initially caused some short-term economic disruption. However, it quickly led to increased investment, falling unemployment, and overall economic prosperity.
In the United States, immigrants are overrepresented among both low-skilled workers (doing essential jobs that many natives are unwilling to do) and high-skilled workers (contributing to innovation in fields like technology and medicine).
In Europe, studies have shown that immigration has little to no negative effect on native wages or employment levels, while contributing positively to economic growth.
Legrain also highlights the importance of both high-skilled and low-skilled immigration. While the benefits of attracting highly educated professionals are obvious, he argues that low-skilled immigrants also play a crucial role. They often take jobs that natives are unwilling to do, supporting industries like agriculture, construction, and caregiving that are essential to the economy.
By presenting this evidence, Legrain makes a strong case that fears about the economic impacts of immigration are largely unfounded. Instead, he argues, immigration is a key driver of economic dynamism and growth in receiving countries.
Cultural Diversity and Innovation
Legrain argues passionately that the cultural diversity brought by immigration is not something to be feared, but rather a powerful source of creativity, innovation, and economic dynamism. He challenges the notion that cultural homogeneity is necessary for social cohesion, instead presenting evidence that diversity can lead to more vibrant and prosperous societies.
The author points out that in today's knowledge-based economies, creativity and innovation are key drivers of growth. Diverse cities and communities, where people from different backgrounds come together and share ideas, are often hotbeds of innovation. He cites examples like Silicon Valley, where immigrants have played a crucial role in founding and leading many of the world's most innovative tech companies.
Legrain also highlights how immigration enriches the cultural life of receiving countries. From cuisine to music to literature, immigrants have made enormous contributions to the cultural landscapes of their new homes. This cultural cross-pollination doesn't just make life more interesting - it can also drive economic activity through industries like tourism, hospitality, and the arts.
The book provides several compelling examples of how diversity drives innovation and prosperity:
London's financial sector has thrived in part because it attracts talented professionals from around the world, creating a dynamic environment where diverse perspectives lead to new ideas and approaches.
Hollywood's dominance in the global film industry is partly due to its ability to attract talent from all over the world, creating a unique creative ecosystem.
Universities in countries like the United States, UK, and Australia benefit enormously from international students and faculty, who contribute to research, innovation, and the overall academic environment.
Legrain contrasts these success stories with the example of Japan, which after World War II was a model of rapid economic development. However, he argues that Japan's relative insularity and limited immigration have contributed to economic stagnation in recent decades.
The author acknowledges that increased diversity can sometimes lead to short-term challenges, such as communication difficulties or cultural misunderstandings. However, he argues that these challenges are far outweighed by the long-term benefits of diversity. Societies that embrace diversity, he contends, are better positioned to thrive in an increasingly interconnected global economy.
Legrain's argument here goes beyond mere economic considerations. He presents diversity as a source of cultural vitality and social dynamism, challenging readers to see immigration not as a threat to their way of life, but as an opportunity for cultural enrichment and personal growth.
The Limits of Skills-Based Immigration Policies
Many countries have implemented "points-based" immigration systems that prioritize highly skilled immigrants. While these policies might seem logical, Legrain argues that they have significant limitations and overlook the important contributions of low-skilled immigrants.
The author points out several problems with skills-based immigration policies:
It's difficult to predict which skills will be most valuable in the future. Economic needs change rapidly, and the skills in demand today might not be the ones needed tomorrow.
These systems don't account for the fact that people's careers often change over time. An immigrant admitted as an engineer might later become an entrepreneur in a completely different field.
They overlook the crucial role that low-skilled immigrants play in many economies. Jobs like agricultural work, construction, and caregiving are often essential but unattractive to native workers.
Skills-based systems can't account for intangible qualities like entrepreneurial spirit or creativity, which might be more valuable than formal qualifications.
Legrain argues that low-skilled immigration is often just as beneficial as high-skilled immigration, if not more so. Low-skilled immigrants often take jobs that complement, rather than compete with, native workers. For example, affordable childcare provided by immigrant workers can allow more native parents to enter the workforce, increasing overall economic productivity.
The author also points out that the children of low-skilled immigrants often achieve high levels of education and professional success, contributing significantly to their new countries in the long term.
Legrain's critique of skills-based immigration policies challenges policymakers to think more holistically about the benefits of immigration. He argues for more flexible policies that recognize the diverse ways in which immigrants of all skill levels can contribute to their new homes.
Rethinking Integration
In the final section of the book, Legrain tackles the complex issue of immigrant integration. He challenges the common expectation that immigrants should completely assimilate into their new culture, arguing instead for a more nuanced and inclusive approach to integration.
The author points out several problems with demanding complete assimilation:
It assumes that all immigrants from a particular background are the same, ignoring the vast diversity within immigrant communities.
It implies that immigrants' cultural practices and beliefs are inherently inferior and need to be abandoned.
It overlooks the ways in which immigrant cultures can enrich and contribute to their new societies.
Legrain argues for a more flexible and dynamic understanding of national identity. He cites Canada as a positive example, where national identity is seen as an evolving concept that can incorporate diverse cultural influences.
The author suggests that successful integration requires effort from both immigrants and the native population. While learning the local language and understanding key cultural norms is important for immigrants, native residents also need to be open to change and willing to embrace diversity.
Legrain challenges the idea that maintaining aspects of one's original culture is a barrier to integration. He argues that immigrants can be well-integrated while still preserving important elements of their heritage. This "integration without assimilation" approach allows for a richer, more diverse society that benefits from multiple cultural influences.
The book also addresses concerns about social cohesion, arguing that diversity doesn't necessarily lead to social fragmentation. Legrain contends that what matters most for social cohesion is not cultural homogeneity, but shared civic values and a sense of common purpose.
In making these arguments, Legrain pushes readers to reconsider what successful integration looks like. He presents a vision of dynamic, evolving societies where diversity is seen as a strength rather than a threat.
Conclusion: Embracing the Benefits of Migration
In "Immigrants," Philippe Legrain presents a compelling case for more open and welcoming immigration policies. Through a combination of economic analysis, historical perspective, and ethical arguments, he challenges many common misconceptions about immigration and highlights its numerous benefits.
Key takeaways from the book include:
Migration is a fundamental human right and attempts to severely restrict it are both morally questionable and practically ineffective.
Immigration brings significant economic benefits to both sending and receiving countries, contributing to economic growth, innovation, and cultural richness.
Fears about immigrants "stealing jobs" or draining welfare systems are largely unfounded. In fact, immigrants often complement native workers and help sustain social welfare systems.
Cultural diversity brought by immigration is a source of creativity and innovation, driving economic and social progress.
Both high-skilled and low-skilled immigration play important roles in modern economies.
Integration should be a two-way process, with both immigrants and native populations adapting and evolving.
Legrain's work challenges readers to rethink their assumptions about immigration and consider its potential as a force for positive change. He argues that by embracing more open immigration policies, countries can not only fulfill their moral obligations but also unlock significant economic and cultural benefits.
The book concludes with a call for a paradigm shift in how we think about immigration. Rather than seeing it as a problem to be solved, Legrain urges us to view immigration as an opportunity to be embraced. He envisions a world where greater freedom of movement leads to increased prosperity, cultural exchange, and human flourishing.
While acknowledging the challenges that come with increased immigration, Legrain maintains that these are far outweighed by the potential benefits. He argues that with thoughtful policies and a commitment to inclusion, societies can harness the power of immigration to create more dynamic, prosperous, and enriching communities.
"Immigrants" is ultimately a hopeful book, presenting a vision of a more open and interconnected world. It challenges readers to look beyond short-term fears and consider the long-term benefits of embracing our shared humanity across borders. In doing so, Legrain makes a powerful case that a more welcoming approach to immigration is not just the right thing to do, but also the smart thing to do for our collective future.